Why isn’t Life Expectancy in the United States Higher Essay

Life expectancy, or the estimated years of life for a person or group of people, has increased over the years but it is still surprisingly lower than expected in places such as the United States. America ranks twenty-fourth on the life expectancy list under Japan, Australia, France Spain and Italy. What causes this disparity in the ranking and statistics in an advanced industrialized society such as the United States? There are major statistical factors that influence the United States ranking in world life expectancy, involving education level, poverty, race and gender. The diverse groups of people living in the United States affect the health statistics negatively, bringing in influences from education and income levels, race and†¦show more content†¦As the age ranges climb, the age disparity becomes more obvious. When you examine the elderly over eighty-five years of age, there are three women for every one man (Tischler 2007). Another influence on life expectancy in the United States is preventative health measures. Typically education, income level, geographic location (in a city versus in the country or closer to medical assistance versus less access to medical assistance) and race are major factors on life expectancy. People who live in poverty have poor health, typically from malnutrition, stress and possible exposure to elements such as physical abuse, alcoholism, inadequate or nonexistent housing and drug addictions. Weight is an important factor in affecting health. Being underweight is unhealthy but so is being overweight. Unfortunately, 54.7% of all American adults are overweight and 19.5% are obese. Poverty also plays a factor, as 28.7% of women in poverty are considered to be overweight and 21.7% of men compared to 13.7% of women and 17.7% of men in higher income groups. Interestingly, women are 49.5% more likely than men to be a healthy weight. Only 36.3% of men are estimated to be at a healthy weight. (Tischler 2007). This is a factor in heart disease in men and a possible influence in their higher risk factor at a younger age. Americans with higher education level and more income also tend to have better access toShow MoreRelatedThe United States And Universal Health Care1403 Words   |  6 PagesNation by nation, state by state, from the poor to the wealthy, Universal Health Care is an idea and public policy that is quickly becoming the norm. The United States however, remains almost exclusively the only country that does not provide Universal Health Care for its citizens. 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Fifteen pe rcent of the American population is uninsured and the cost of healthcare for both the uninsured and theRead MoreObesity : The Problem Of Obesity1643 Words   |  7 Pagesunhealthy foods that teens eat. However lack of participation rates due to sportsmanship could be the reason why teen obesity has occurred in the Pilsen community. Obesity is a disease that affects many Americans, including Latino children and adolescents. Obesity is a gateway medical condition to other chronic illnesses and is ultimately one of the leading causes of mortality in the United States. Medically speaking, too much adiposity secretes fatty acids causing inflammation following a diagnosisRead MoreHealth Care Act Of Indiana And The United States1553 Words   |  7 PagesHealth care in Indiana and the United States has received a lot of attention since the Barack Obama presidential campaign in 2008. Hoosiers in Indiana and Americans throughout the United States lack health care coverage. 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Transcendentalism An American Artistic And Philosophical...

Transcendentalism was an American artistic and philosophical movement similar to the Romantic movement of Europe. The movement praised the efforts of mankind as individuals instead of depicting humanity as a crowd of like-minded people. Transcendentalists admired the former great thinkers of the world from Aristotle and Jesus to Copernicus and Newton for their confidence and persistence in the face of opposition. The movement encouraged many in the United States to express their creativity and live originally. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a leading Transcendentalist writer, who advocated for confidence, originality, honesty, and freedom for all people, and his essay called â€Å"Self-Reliance† summarizes his views of nonconformity. Former slave and abolitionist Olaudah Equiano, although he was born sixty years before Emerson, is an example of a man who expressed his unique lifestyle and ideas, fought for his freedom, and transcended the ordinary. For ten years, Equiano was an enslaved man, who was uprooted from his home in Africa as a young child. Yet he persevered throughout his oppression to gain an education, prove his worth, and buy his freedom. However, Equiano lacks the pride necessary to fully represent Emerson’s idea of a self-reliant man. In his The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, which was published in 1789, Equiano acknowledges the hand of God and the help of others in his life. He also conformed to the image of an educated Englishman toShow MoreRelatedDifference Between Romanticism And Transendinlalism In American And British Writers1584 Words   |  7 Pagesof Romanticism. The difference of Transendinlalism was that it was a literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. However, the Romantics thought differently because they that, that romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interestRead MoreDifference Between Romanticism and Transendinlalism in American and British Writers1616 Words   |  7 PagesDifference Between Romanticism and Transendinlalism in American and British Writers The expression Romantic gained currency during its own time, roughly 1780-1850. However, the Romantic era is to identify a period in which certain ideas and attitudes arose, gained the idea of intellectual achievement and became dominant. This is why , they became the dominant mode of expression. Which tells us something else about the Romantic era which expression was perhaps everything to do withRead MoreEssay on Transcendentalism1619 Words   |  7 Pages Transcendentalism nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many people have theories and philosophies about life in general. 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ÃŽËœThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. To George Blin, Profesor at the Collà ¨ge de France, whithout whom none of these pages would have been started. CONTENTS A Note on

South Sudan Criminal Justice System - 1380 Words

South Sudan Criminal Justice System Andrew Langstaff Eagle ID: 900764842 Georgia Southern University Instructor: Dr. Laurie A. Gould CRJU 4531: Comparative World Justice System South Sudan, the world’s newest country is struggling to survive. Rampant inflation, civil war and food shortages plague South Sudan. Besides political party reform, inter-communal violence and tensions over oil-sharing revenues with Sudan, another challenge South Sudan is facing to achieve peace that this paper will be focusing on only, is the South Sudan criminal justice system, which is very weak and corrupt. I will be covering specific issues that are problematic to the South Sudan criminal justice system, all three aspects of the criminal justice system of South Sudan (Law enforcement, court systems, and correctional system) and how it compares to that of the United States criminal justice system. Issues that are problematic to the South Sudan criminal justice system besides the civil war, and humanitarian concerns, are the law enforcement. Justice and accountability; there are mass killings, sexual violence, and other war crimes have been widely documented by journalists and human rights groups in South Sudan. Children have been pulled out of school and the UN estimates there are at least 9,000 child soldiers that have been recruited into the current conflict on both sides. Law enforcement is suppose to be in place to keep the peace, serve and protect, but instead they areShow MoreRelatedInternational Criminal Court Unfair Towards African Nations Vis A Vis Western Nations? Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesIs the International Criminal Court unfair towards African Nations vis-à  -vis Western Nations? On October 12, 2016, the parliament of Burundi, a country located in the Eastern part of Africa voted to withdraw from the International Criminal Court (ICC) with a vote of 94 to 2. 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Data Sources And Investigate Healthcare Data Sets Sample

Question: Discuss the healthcare data sets (such as HEDIS, UHDDS, OASIS). Answer: Healthcare Datasets Healthcare dataset can be defined as a set of elements of data with consistent and identical definitions. These are a standard information set obtained from the records of care from the systems or organizations, which captures base data. They are the structured data lists bearing the permissible values, clear label and definitions, classifications and codes. From these datasets, information is compiled and derived for the improvement and monitoring of the healthcare services. HEDIS The Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) is a dataset tool used for the measurement of the performance of healthcare services and care. It consists of 81 measures and 5 care domains. Managed Care Organizations utilize the HEDIS data to compare their care and services performance to other health plans. HEDIS is essentially supplied by NCQA (National Committee for Quality Assurance). It is used by the health plans for measuring various health issues like the persistence of treatment by beta-blocker following myocardial ischemia, the medication use for asthma, hypertension control, comprehensive care for diabetes, screening for breast cancer, medication management for antidepressant, the status of immunizations and quit smoking advice (Webber, 2012). HEDIS can be applied to various healthcare settings. These can be the acute settings, ambulatory care settings and clinical care settings like inpatient and outpatient (Harris et al., 2015). There are several secondary sources of HEDIS. These can be classified as several government and organizational bodies. NCQA collects the HEDIS data and it is collected from the Healthcare Organization Questionnaire (HOQ). HOQ collects the data from the preferred provider organizations and health plan organizations. The non-survey data is collected from the Interactive Data Submission System (IDSS). The data collected are kept under strict confidentiality in a central database for maintenance (Pugh et al., 2013). The Medicare data for HEDIS is collected by NCQA for the CMS (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services) and state agencies. Commercial data are collected by NCQA for the US Personnel Management offices and some of the states of the United States of America (Martino et al., 2013). The reporting of the data by the health plans, regulators and purchasers supply the HEDIS data. The data reporting process involves the auditing by NCQA or by an approved auditing firm. The various data like claims data, provider data, membership data, etc. are reviewed after collection. The obtained data are calculated as per the determination standards of NCQA. The frequency of reporting is annual. Every year the HEDIS providers need to report the data to the NCQA (Dixon et al., 2014). The collection of the HEDIS data is done through the insurance claims, medical charts and surveys. The insurance claims are for the procedures, visits to the medical office and hospitalizations. The survey is usually conducted by a survey organization approved by NCQA. Clinical measures include the hybrid or administrative data collection. Administrative data includes the electronic records for the insurance claims and various services. The hybrid method of data collection is lengthy, expensive and requires medical professionals (Westover et al., 2014). HEDIS can be used to measure the activity of -blockers in the case of myocardial infarction and, therefore, quality intervention can be implemented. HEDIS can also be used as a comparative scale for the measurement of the population who did and did not receive dental care. HEDIS is also important for the measurement of the childhood immunization. HEDIS is also used for the survey of the experiences of the consumers in the areas of access to care, claims processing and customer service (Szabo et al., 2015). HEDIS data are important for the researchers who are working for the improvement of the healthcare system and are dedicated to improving the measures of HEDIS. The commercial data of HEDIS are employed for the calculation of the national performance benchmarks and statistics. They are also used for setting the standards of measures, which are included in the accreditation program of NCQA. In addition, these data have been incorporated in the quality compass, which are in turn used by the purchasers, health plans, consultants and media for the analysis of the comparative health plans. The advantages of HEDIS have been listed below. HEDIS involves a rigorous selection process. This includes the assessment of scientific feasibility, importance and field-testing of the measure. The data of HEDIS is important for the assessment of the setting goals and the current performance. HEDIS is also associated with better outcomes of health and practices that are cost effective. The measures of HEDIS are accepted and widely known as more than 90% of the health plans in the US utilizes them. The disadvantages of HEDIS have been listed below. HEDIS measures have been found to overlook some of the important aspects of the quality of healthcare. Improvement of the HEDIS measures by the providers of healthcare has been found to cause potential harm to the patients. The HEDIS development process may also be flawed. UHDDS Uniform Hospital Discharge Data Set (UHDDS) is utilized for the reporting of the data of the patients in the long term, short term and acute care hospitals. It includes the items, which are based on the definitions for providing the multiple users with consistent data. The main purpose of UHDDS for the reporting by the hospitals for the elements of the inpatient data, which also included the outpatient settings (Andrews, 2015). It is also employed to define the set of definitions and rules for the collection of hospital data for the promotion of the comparability and uniformity of data. This enables the planning and evaluation of the initiatives of healthcare for improving the patient care effectiveness and the cost involved in the care (Bielby, 2014). The types of settings in which the UHDDS data can be applied are the hospitals of various settings like short term and acute, long-term and psychiatric care hospitals, agencies of home health, facilities of rehabilitation and nursing homes and other healthcare settings. All the inpatient and outpatient data from various settings are employed by the UHDDS (Werley Devine, 2013). The primary data for UHDDS is the hospitals of various hospitals like that of short-term, long-term, psychiatric, etc. In addition, the secondary data is collected from three different sources, which can be classified as the rehabilitation facilities, providers of home health care and retirement and nursing communities. The professionals working in medical coding and billing facilities with the recipients of Medicaid and Medicare adapt themselves at the UHDDS filing. Correct coding is essential as the reimbursement rate is affected by it (Faught, Aspevig Spear, 2014). The reporting procedure of UHDDS is governed by the procedure of hospital inpatient in association with the guidelines, which are payer specific. All the significant procedures should be reported by the short-term settings. The significant procedures include the surgeries that involve anesthetic risk and specialized training is required to perform that. UHDDS are reported in the form of coded data. The inpatient stay details are reported to the state and federal governments. The frequency of UHDDS reporting is annual. The reports of UHDDS are submitted every year by the hospitals and other facilities (Towers, 2013). UHDDS is usually a collection of several data items, which has to be abstracted from the medical records of the hospital. Considerable variations are found in these medical records as the data uniformity and content are minimal. However, they are used as the primary document as the data collection is proper and relevant in these records. The hospital, which sends the record, must abstract data from them repetitively to meet the demands of the users. The data abstraction should be done record form, which is central and should be made available to the users. This abstract is, however, beneficial as it improves the data accuracy, cost effective and confidentiality problems are reduced. One major objective of UHDDS is the promotion of data uniformity among the user organizations and institutions. The physician is considered not sufficient for the permission of uniformity. The definition of the item reduces eliminates and reduces the variation in the data items. The number of medical records assigned by the hospital is the only number for the identification of the discharged patients. It also helps to identify the criteria of UHDDS. The items for personal identifications can be abstracted from this number. UHDDS provides comparable data to determine the hospitals, which provide the best treatments. This helps the government to reduce the costs from the patients for whom repeated admission was not done. The reimbursement rates of different hospitals can also be compared for the medical procedures, which are similar. This helps the federal government to set up a standardized reimbursement system, which will ultimately help in standardization of the care quality. OASIS Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) is a set of data elements that signifies the core items required to be included in the assessment for the patient of home care. It creates the basis for the measurement of the patient outcomes for the objective of quality improvement, which is outcome based. It provides data for the use of the consumers on the home health compare. OASIS provides the information on the condition of the patient and proper reimbursement (Shang et al., 2015). The purpose of OASIS is the improvement of performance in home health care. The data items of OASIS were developed for the purpose of measurement of patient outcomes. OASIS is the data collection tool used by the home health agencies for the reporting and collection of performance data. The OASIS data is employed for multipurpose uses like calculation of the quality reports of various types provided to the agencies of home health for guiding the performance and quality efforts of improvement (OConnor Davitt, 2012) OASIS is applied in the various settings like community setting, post-acute care setting, home health setting, etc. It is used for measuring the quality in the various settings. The data collection for OASIS takes place from two sources. The primary source is the data submitted by the agencies of home health and the secondary source is the data submitted by the Medicare claims. The OASIS data is calculated by using the entire care episode of care that commences with the admission to the agency and ends with the transfer or discharge of the patient. The claims data calculations are done based on the first claim of home health, which commences with the care episode of the patient and ends after one or two months of the opening claim (Han et al., 2013). The reporting process of OASIS involves the collection of data from the non-Medicaid and non-medicare patients and sent to CMS. The assessment data of the patients are collected by the home health agencies and submitted to the CMS at the specified time. However, breaching of the guidelines of the reporting process will eventually result in the reduction in the reimbursement rates (Olson et al., 2014). The OASIS data are collected at the start of patient care and thereafter at a frequency of 2 months until the discharge of the patient. OASIS contains the data items, which were implemented for the sole intention of measuring the outcomes of the patients for the improvement of performance in the home health care. They address the environmental, socio-demographic, health status, support system, characteristics of utilization of health service and functional status of the patient. The OASIS assessments are gathered for the Medicaid and Medicare adult patients who are receiving the health services from the home health agencies. However, OASIS data are not collected for the patients who are reimbursed for their care by the payer other than Medicaid or Medicare. OASIS is a vital component of the partnership of the industry of home care with Medicare to monitor and fosters the betterment of the outcomes of the home healthcare. It has been designed for providing the data items required for the measurement of the risk factors and outcomes of the patient. The data items are utilized for care planning, clinical assessment and other applications of agency level. The software of CMS required by the home health agencies for the submission of OASIS is Haven. The home health agencies must transmit and encode the data items using Haven as per the federal requirements. The sent data items must conform to the standards of CMS. References Andrews, R. M. (2015). Statewide hospital discharge data: Collection, use, limitations, and improvements.Health Services Research,50(4), 1273-1299. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12343 Bielby, J. A. (2014). Reliable coded data require a reliable coding process framework.J AHIMA,85(10), 80-82. Dixon, B. E., Gibson, P. J., Frederickson, C. K., Rosenman, M. (2014). Measuring Population Health Using Electronic Health Records: Exploring Biases and Representativeness in a Community Health Information Exchange.Studies in health technology and informatics,216, 1009-1009. Faught, I. C., Aspevig, J., Spear, R. (2014). New Means of Data Collection and Accessibility. InPublic Health Informatics and Information Systems(pp. 375-398). Springer London. Han, S. J., Kim, H. K., Storfjell, J., Kim, M. J. (2013). Clinical outcomes and quality of life of home health care patients.Asian Nursing Research,7(2), 53-60. doi:10.1016/j.anr.2013.03.002 Harris, A. H., Ellerbe, L., Phelps, T. E., Finney, J. W., Bowe, T., Gupta, S., ... 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